Analysis of the Grasshopper and the Cricket free essay sample

In John Keats’s sonnet â€Å"On the Grasshopper and the Cricket†, he expresses his love and admiration for nature and illustrates this attitude by depicting the two â€Å"musicians† of different seasons in nature- the grasshopper and the cricket. Keats writes about a summer and a winter scene in the two parts of the poem divided by the first eight lines and the last six lines. The grasshopper is nature’s â€Å"musician† in summer and the cricket is the one in winter. Nature’s â€Å"musicians† change as the seasons change, but the music of nature never ends. Keats uses this example to express the theme that the beauty and the cycle of life in nature never dies. In the opening line, Keats asserts, â€Å"The poetry of earth is never dead.† (1). He proves the statement by describing a summer scene in nature where all the â€Å"all the birds are faint with the hot sun, /And hide in cooling trees† (2-3) and the grasshopper takes the lead and sing â€Å"[from] hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Grasshopper and the Cricket or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †(4) The birds represent the â€Å"musicians† in spring, and they stop their music in summer because of the hot weather. However, the grasshopper is not afraid of the heat; it takes the place of nature’s â€Å"musician† in summer. The change of the musicians of nature from birds to the grasshoppers stands for the cycle of life and refers back to the first line that â€Å"[the] poetry of earth is never dead.†(1) Keats then describes the grasshopper’s happiness in nature in the next lines. â€Å"In summer luxury, he has never done/With his delights; for when tired out with fun/He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed. (6-8) The word â€Å"luxury† and the imagery â€Å"pleasant weed† express a happy and positive tone and shows the author’s love and admiration towards nature. Personifications in the first eight lines such as â€Å"faint†, â€Å"hide† and â€Å"takes the lead† suggests Keats’s love for the creatures in nature as well. In the rest of the poem, line 8-14, Keats repeats his claim that â€Å"the poetry of earth i s ceasing never(8)† and then depicts a winter scene. He begins the scene with â€Å"a lone winter evening†(10), â€Å"frost† and â€Å"silence†, which show a cold, lonely and silent winter night image. However, the music of nature still continues in such extreme weather, as â€Å"from the stove there shrills/The Cricket’s song†.(11-12) The scene shown in the next lines then turns to warm and peaceful as the cricket’s song â€Å"in warmth increasing ever,/And seem to one in drowsiness half lost, the Grasshopper’s among some grassy hills.†(12-14) The person is half asleep and dreams of the grasshopper’s songs not only  because of the stove’s warmth, but also because the cricket’s song creates a relaxing and peaceful atmosphere. Even in a cold and lonely winter night, the music of nature can still bring warmth and the peacefulness to people and remind them of the lively summer in their minds. Keats emphasizes the theme that nature’s beauty and the cycle of life is never dead by relating the grasshopper from summer and the cricket from winter. The tone of the poem is bright and full of the love and admiration for nature. Keats repeats twice in the poem that the poetry of earth is never dead. The deeper meaning of â€Å"the poetry of earth† is that the life and the beauty of nature are eternal. Although the birds and the grasshoppers disappear in the lone winter, the crickets carry on the music of nature and remind people of the lovely creatures in other seasons. Keats picks the toughest two seasons in nature to write and fill them with liveliness. For people, Keats may be suggesting that even at the worst circumstance, life can still be full of beauty. Also, no matter how the people and the environment change, the cycle of life still goes on and is ceasing never.

Trodden Weed

Trodden Weed Introduction The art piece Trodden Weed is a painting depicting a man’s boots walking on a patch bearing what appear to be weeds. It was created in 1951 by the artist Andrew Wyeth, who later came out to explain that it was self-portrait.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Trodden Weed specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Wyeth, he had undergone an eight-hour surgical operation on his lung and during the recuperation period, he spent some time walking trying to regain his strength (Wyeth 1). It was during one of these recovery walks that he took some time to rest and as he was looking down at his feet, it occurred to him that he had been crushing things under his feet (Wyeth 1). Having gone through an operation, during which his heart was said to have stopped once, Wyeth had come to appreciate the importance of life. That is why he found it disheartening that he had been killing without knowing and he proceeded to put this message on a painting (Wyeth 1). Writing about a work of art is regarded as one of the best aids to fully understanding it. This essay seeks to analyze the painting titled Trodden Weed by Andrew Wyeth, using the four steps of art criticism. Description The painting was created using the medium Tempera on Wood. Tempera is a painting mixture that is created by combining colored pigment with a binding medium (traditionally egg yolk). Tempera once applied on a material dries fast and becomes permanent.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wyeth is counted among the few 20th century American artists, who specialized in Tempera art. When painting using Tempera, a small amount of pigment paste is placed on a palette then some drops of distilled water are added. The binder (egg yolk) is then added to mixture depending on the desired consiste ncy. Wyeth probably chose this media because of its longevity. Analysis The painting was done from a second-person (observational) point of view. It was as if Wyeth was looking at another person’s feet when painting. In terms of balance, the boots and the weeds, the primary subjects of the painting, have been given prominence with each taking almost half of the entire painting. The boots give weight to the top left side of the painting, while the weeds cover every other section apart from a small bit on the top right where a portion of the sky is showing. In order to create a three-dimensional feel to the painting, the artist, played around with the element of perspective. The sky is shown peeping at a distance, with the path that Wyeth had charted in his walk presenting in a tapering line that widens towards the foreground. By discriminately shading some parts and leaving others out, Wyeth was able to distinguish the texture of various components. He also used different type s of strokes to make some elements appear smooth and others rough. For instance, in the grass on the foreground, Wyeth used long and rough strokes, while on the trousers he made the strokes short and fine. The lighting of the painting, which appears to have been well thought-out, indicates that the walk was happening in the afternoon.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Trodden Weed specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shade and tone of the painting is earthy with the color selection yielding a painting that does not scream for attention. The mood of the painting is that of solace and loneliness. From the first look, one can tell that the subject is walking alone. The background, which stretches all the way to the horizon, does not have other people clearly indicating that the subject has not come across anyone in his long walk. Interpretation From a personal point of view, the theme of the work is the differ ence between the strong and weak. In any society, stronger people tend to take advantage of the weaker ones, sometimes at will, for their own benefit. For instance, politicians in most countries enter parliament and change the laws to favor them at the expense of other members of the public. The walking legs clearly show the will of a strong living person to get from one point to another. The dead weeds show how the weak lose out when a stronger people opt to exercise their dominance on them. The long distance that the subject has been walking, causing damage, depicts the extent of destruction that one strong person can cause when placed against hundreds of weak individuals. Evaluation/Conclusion Had I not take time to critically study the painting I would have dismissed it as another pair of walking legs. However, after a committed study that was in part guided by external references, I have come to the conclusion that there is more to the painting than meets the eye. I now underst and deeply understand the style that was used in creating the artwork, as well as the circumstances that led to its creation. I am also in a position to give an informed interpretation based on the analytical process. This analytical process can be applied in different pieces of art to derive meaning.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wyeth, Andrew. Trodden Weed 1951. Web.

Practicum Journal 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practicum Journal 1 - Term Paper Example Be sure to delete any blank pages that appear between the weekly entries. Note: This document will serve as a cumulative journal. For each submission, you will add to the document so it contains all of your journal entries. Using no fewer than three peer-reviewed sources, analyze what you have observed within the context of your specialty using appropriate concepts, principles, and theories, giving special attention to observed events that vary from scholarly literature. (30 points) Explain how the problem, situation, or issue was handled in a manner that is consistent and a manner that is inconsistent with the theory, concepts, and principles detailed in the evidence. (30 points) There was a situation during my practicum experience where a day shift nurse was running over at 7.30 pm consequent to a patient experiencing a seizure 30 minutes prior. The day shift nurse could therefore not hand off all her patients as she was behind schedule. When the nurse supervisor was called, the night nurse stated that the situation would cause her to start her shift late and that it was unfair to her. According to Berkenstadt et al. (2008, p.159), the outgoing nurse must inform incoming nurse in regards to "Patient status and care, treatment and service, and any recent or anticipated changes in the condition of the patient". Conversely, bedside shift reports have become the conventional technique of handing off as it increases levels of patient satisfaction (Wakefield, Ragan, Brandt, and Tregnago, 2012). The fact that the night shift complained of unfairness is proof that she was not inclined towards bedside report hand off as an option as dictated by scholarly literature. A research aimed at establishing effective ways for hand offs cited by Philibert (2009, p.261) showed that "Frequent and time-constrained hand offs may frustrate the aims of the duty hour limits". This finding validates the night shift nurses concern that her shift would be affected. In terms of

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis - Assignment Example Using analytical framework to view the key issues and complexity of the case, the researcher will try to justify Charlene Barshefsky’s actions and suggest some alternate approaches to view the problem. This case is all about complexities regarding trade and cultural negotiation process hence the researcher will not try to give any subjective viewpoints which might spoil the purpose of the case. Recognizing multiple aspects of the case such as coalition building approach, bilateral dealings, â€Å"barriers† to agreement etc will be key features of the discussion. This piece of work will also try to understand the actions taken by respective authorities in the case in order to facilitate protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), improvement of IPR policy of People’s Republic of China and address human right issues. In the least part of this paper, the researcher will summarize the personal learning output from the case. Question 2 Research scholars such as Shapiro (2001) and O’Donoghue and Zweimuller (2004) have classified IPR as a pretty much sensitive issue when it comes to negotiating between countries. The case sheds light on International trade negotiations between China and USA in context to intellectual property rights (IPR) violation. According to the case, during mid 1990’s, USA accused China for its poor standard of IPR law which gave the opportunity to pirates to counterfeit and illegally copy entertainment and software products of USA. In 1993, USA representatives reported that Chinese pirates counterfeited USA entertainment products such as DVDs, movie CDs, software and exporting pirated CDs, DVDs to South Asian and North American countries. Such level of piracy and counterfeiting had negatively affected the trade relationship between USA and China and also decreased the market share of IPR products of USA. The case is presented from the perspective of Charlene Barshefsky who was then then-Deputy United Stat es Trade Representative (USTR) and was responsible for handling the negotiation process. In the first part, the case discusses about the challenges and barrier of negotiation faced by Charlene Barshefsky while the second part of the case study, discusses about strategic intervention used by Charlene Barshefsky and her team members to deal with the situation. However, the case is more about trade agenda regarding cross cultural negotiation process and intellectual property right issue rather than description of tariff and non-tariff obstacles related to free trade. According to the case, key assignment for Charlene Barshefsky was to offer or formulate viable strategy for establishing new intellectual property rights agreement with Chinese government. The case also underlines alternatives such as initiating Section 301 which is a unilateral action and multilateral approaches such as working as joint force with other countries to improve the IPR standard in China. Question 3 Hulse and Sebenius (2003) pointed out that working as USTR was a challenge for Charlene Barshefsky which she had taken in positive manner. She had understood the fact that she could not get the support of USA government unless make the IPR violation in China as domestic issue of

Negative Impacts of Undemocratic Development Essay

Negative Impacts of Undemocratic Development - Essay Example These financial institutions include the WTO, the IMF and the World Bank. The World Bank’s mandate originally incorporated provision of long term loans for reconstruction which has been enhanced since the 1970’s to financing and supporting multimillion dollar infrastructure projects in developing countries. Being exclusively largest source of development finance in the world, the World Bank intends to provide loans for wide changes in infrastructure and economy, long-term development and poverty reduction and many other projects such as constructing dams, roads, extracting natural resources etc. The World Bank has a leading impact on the livelihoods of millions of people living in most part of the world in a way that the bank finances commercial projects of really low income countries which are unable to acquire commercial loans from any other source. It is even criticized for imposing neoliberal policies that are highly undemocratic on developing countries. This paper analyses the negative impacts of undemocratic policies of the World Bank on sustainable development of developing countries and argues the development strategy of the World Bank should be democratic enough to meet their developmental objectives effectively and efficiently. The World Bank has been playing dual but contradictory roles; one is of a political organization and second is that of a practical organization. On one hand, the World Bank must satisfy the demands of lending and borrowing governments, other international organizations, and private capital markets as a political organization. On the other hand as an action-oriented organization, it must be neutral and specialized in loans, development aid, and technical assistance. The World Bank's responsibilities to donor countries and private capital markets have induced it to acquire policies which prescribe that poverty is best relieved by the implementation of free-market policies (Weaver 2008). Developing nations attempt to increase their economic output (GDP) by involving themselves in and simultaneously competing with the worldwide economy. Such countries are financially insecure and undeveloped industries are disabled to participate in global competition as the so-called competitive free-market is inherently unfair and biased. Since developing nations determine their inability to make investment in growth-promoting policies by having lack of sufficient foreign currency reserves due to their expenditure of the reserves on imports and debt repayments. In order to facilitate economic growth and development, the developing nations may chose to borrow money from the World Bank to finance large development projects as such projects may help gain their development goals. The World Bank has important associations with corporations especially in United States, to contract them for these remunerative projects. By undertaking the projects, these corporations gain immense profits, but the poor countries have t o bear an additional debt burden. The borrowing countries even lose control over their primal natural resources and a huge part of revenue from these resources because of repatriation of profits abroad. Before granting loans and debt relief, the World Bank imposes several conditions on the recipient governments for the reform of various aspects such as their lack of transparency, far-flung corruption and undemocratic authorities. Nevertheless the World Bank is confronted

Piracy at sea, past and present

Piracy at sea, past and present Summary The purpose of this report is to educate readers of the piracy at sea comparing piracy in the past and present. The earliest record of piracy at sea was in the year 69 in the Mediterranean Sea, however piracy is suspected to have dated back to the time where humans started using the sea as their trade routes the exact date is not known. The Medias used to gather and compile to put this report together was mainly found on search engines like Google or yahoo and online encyclopaedias also contributed, minimal information was taken from newspaper articles. The history of piracy, infamous pirates, background of pirates and also modern day pirates are just a few of the points on piracy that will be covered in this report. The act of piracy is mainly carried out for gold or money that the pirates will demand for certain goods that they have taken from a ship or the entire ship itself. The only punishment for pirates in the past was hanging if they were caught however the navy was occasiona lly called in to capture these pirates and in some cases large numbers of pirates were wiped out. The creator of the Jolly Roger was by 18th century pirate Captain Jack Calico Rackham. The bodies of the hanged pirates were sometimes left alone to scare the civilians preventing them from wanting to become pirates to avoid the grisly fate of death by hanging. There are numerous causes for the unusually large number of pirates in Somalia however the same cannot be said for pirates in other parts of the world as the government lacking Somalia can do little to prevent ships from other countries from overfishing and dumping of toxic waste in their waters destroying their marine life. In the past wooden ships with sails and occasionally oars were used by pirates and a reinforced hull would often be added to ram ships. Modern day pirates however use small speed boats that are able to chase down large tankers on shipping lanes and they are also equipped with semi-automatic rifles. Some shipp ing companies have equipped their ships with radar and a sonic weapon that creates a high frequency sound wave bursting the ear drums of pirates preventing from hijacking vessels, the radar helps to locate nearby vessels that are unknown allowing the captain to steer the ship away from them before they are spotted. Some companies also reroute their ships to take a longer more expensive routes in order to avoid places like Somalia where there are many pirates. The only thing that is being done by government is the prosecution of anyone who commits an act of piracy. I do not agree with this as in my opinion the root of the problem should be first addressed before the secondary one can be overcome. For example the root of the problem of piracy in Somalia would be the lack of government so that should be solved first however nothing is done to solve it. Pirates have long been used in Medias such as the movies and television where the pirates are portrayed as people who wear the same thi ng all the time and carry weapons. The media also show pirates with weird accents and they use weird combination of words that will be later revealed in shows or books what they mean. 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose This report will be used to educate people and allow them to further understand piracy at sea and to allow introduction of certain methods that could be used to prevent piracy, precautions that can be taken by both the government and the shipping industry. It will consist of the definition, the causes, history of piracy at sea to date and also statistics on the subject. 1.2 Background Piracy dates back to the time when people started using the sea as trade routes. It is an act of robbing or cause violence to the sailors on another vessel. Piracy can occur on shore or at sea, the numerous definitions of modern day piracy includes kidnapping where one holds a prisoner for ransom. Seizing of valuable items carried on the ship while on route to a port for example oil, cars, weapons. The sinking of ships is also considered an act of piracy. 1.3 Method of Research Most of the information in this report was attained by collecting information from multiple online databases and compiling them. Other sources include newspaper articles also biographies of hostages and pirates that decided to pen down their experiences, documentaries also contributed to the production of this report as many interviews were done on both pirates and their victims. 1.4 Scope of Research This report will mainly cover the history of pirates and their origins, well known pirates and the things they did to become infamous, pirates in present day their causes and ways to help or prevent them from successfully commandeering ships and kidnapping hostages for ransom. 2.1 Early beginnings The oldest records tell us that the earliest known pirate went by the name of Anicetus born in Rome and died in Georgia. He was a captain in the Mediterranean Sea during the year 69. However it is believed that piracy started from as early as when men started using oceans as trade routes. 2.2 Aims The main aims of pirates are believed to plunder and loot from other vessels or kidnapping for ransoms. Most pirates truly had to resort to piracy in order to survive while some did it for the adrenaline rush or an act of rebellion. 2.3 Steps taken in the past Capture of pirates for bounty was common in the past as it was used as a way to discourage them from continuing in their line of work. That tactic hardly worked and some nations raised fleets in order to fight back against the pirates and provide some security on trade routes where pirates are known to roam. 2.4 Infamous Pirates The 18th century pirate Calico Jack Rackham was famous for the use of the Jolly Roger which become a symbol for pirates and is still used in entertainment purposes. The Vikings were also made famous by story books and films that portrayed them as pirates with round shields that wielded axes and wore their infamous helmets with antlers or horns mounted on top. 2.5 Hangings Pirates in the past were sentenced to hang and their bodies were often left to hang for a certain period of time in order to instil fear into people preventing them from approaching the life of a pirate. Many infamous pirates that were hanged include William Kidd, Charles Vane, Jack Calico Rackham, and William Fly. 3. Causes of piracy 3.1 Somalia The main reason why Somalia fishermen have begun to turn to piracy as their occupation would be because of the collapse of the Somalia government in 1991 which led to the lack of law enforced on the sea around Somalia allowing fishing vessels from other nations to carry out large scale pollution and fishing of the rich seas surrounding Somalia. This eventually led to the depletion of fish around the area that forced fishermen to look for other means to survive in the already economically unstable country. Many of which were too old to change and take the time to learn new skills as their families were starving hence they eventually resorted to piracy. They believe that the true criminals are in fact those that depleted their natural resources and polluted it. Their act of piracy is merely a mean of communicating with the world telling them that they require help and people need to stop dumping waste and overfishing in their waters. Before the people resorted to piracy they attempted to chase away illegal fishing trawlers from their waters by approaching them with speedboats and attempting to collect a fee from them but this was futile as. It is a known fact that over 300 million dollars worth of fishes and other goods are illegally caught and smuggled from there by these fishermen. Their attempts to continue fishing in their own waters have also failed as they claimed foreign fishing vessels attempt to ram them and have cut their net which makes the problem even worst. Their lack of government prevents them from communicating to the world as there is no appointed leader. Many of the current pirates in Somalia started of as a group that wanted to give some sense of security to fishermen but eventually became pirates. Hence the main problem can be said to be their lack of government an issue that has to be solved eventually to stabilize the country that is currently falling apart. Certain international unions however back the Somali pirates and even support them as they believe it is a way of telling the world that they need help and people need to stop illegally fishing and dumping waste in their waters. Picture of a Somali pirate 3.2 Other parts of the world Pirates are also known to roam around the straits of Malacca, Singapore, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. These pirates commit piracy with different reasons compared to the Somali pirates as they do it because they can, compared to most Somali pirates that do not have a choice. Some of these pirates are just gangsters that do it because it is a crime. 4.1 Methods used in the past by pirates Pirates in the past used fast boats in order to chase down merchant vessels or outrun navies. When attempting to loot a merchant vessel they would go close enough to use grappling hook and board the ship looting and killing everyone aboard, they would then either bury the treasure or bring it back to their strongholds where the loot will be split among them with the captain dividing the loot up evenly while he took a larger share, for other vessels such as fishing or navy vessels they would either attempt to outrun them or ram them with their reinforced hulls sinking ships. Later pirates also used cannons to disable ships for easier plunder. Many of the crew would carry weapons such as swords or guns to fight. 4.2 Methods used by pirates in the modern age Modern day pirates similar to their older counterparts make use of small speed boats to chase after merchant vessels heavily armed with modern day semi-automatic weapons they would then board the ship and capture the crew as hostage for a ransom that the shipping company will have to pay in order to get the goods, ship and crew back to continue the journey. These ransoms can be large sums of money which is why many shipping companies nowadays resort to taking a longer more expensive trip rather than risking the chance of their ships getting taken by pirates. 4.3 Current piracy statistics Piracy at sea has an estimated loss of 13 to 16 billion dollars each year, with the current surge of pirates in Somalia these numbers are believed to increase. The money compiles from mainly ransom collected by pirates and also belongings of the crew member. 5.1 Current methods to prevent piracy The methods currently used at sea are the patrolling of coast guards around straits that provide a false sense of security to vessels as these coast guards are not able to escort every ship in and out of their country hence piracy occurs quite frequently at places with little or no coast guards where the guards will be out of site or have just past the area. Ships are also equipped with radar so it is up to the crew members to defend themselves from pirates as regularly checking the radar will help them avoid areas where unknown vessels are in the area. Some ships are also equipped with a sonic weapon that emits a high frequency sound wave which is able to burst ear drums preventing pirates from boarding the ship. 5.2 Steps taken by the government The current laws enforced by the government against pirates is that action will be taken against anyone that puts a life in danger or is a threat to communication at sea 5.3 Steps taken by shipping companies There are a few precautions that shipping companies can take against pirates. However the few steps that are being taken by shipping companies include the rerouting of routes around areas that have a high rate of being attacked by pirates, routing their ships to follow a safer path by staying close to coast guard patrol routes and also helping their crew prepare against pirate attacks or they could also completely avoid these areas. 5.4 Steps that should be taken in my opinion Firstly the main problem that is causing people to becoming pirates should be addressed, for example the lack of a government in Somalia could be said to be the main problem in the high pirate population in the country. Hence the United Nations ought to seek away to solve it for example colonizing it to a country with more economic stability or take some responsibility and help to lead the country out of poverty. Government of countries close to Somalia should also take action and ensure that their fishing vessels do not illegally enter into Somalia to fish, allowing Somalis to return to their way of life. 6. Pirates portrayed by the media Movies on pirates usually include them dressed in a long coat with a few layers of clothes inside and the captain usually wears a triangular hat and carries a blade by his side. The captain is usually a formidably fighter that has certain values like leadership, rough edged voice, fierce look and a quick mind that is able to think clearly through battle. The term walk the plank was popularized by the film peter pan. Many movies also showed pirates talking in their unique accent and the many uncommon words used. Pirates were also portrayed as people that held many secrets and talked frequently in code words where viewers would not know the meaning until the actions were carried out Picture from the film Pirates of the Caribbean 7. Conclusion With this report i conclude that piracy is a crime that has been around for an extremely long time and this will not change. The only thing that we can change will be the number of pirates at sea by rooting out the problems we will be able to help some of the pirates who have been forced into a life of piracy for example the Somali pirates. It can also be concluded that if governments from every country in the world take some responsibility the current rate of piracy can be lowered.

Body Language Essay -- Papers Communication Physical Essays

Body Language 1.1 What is Body Language? Body Language is the unspoken communication that goes on in every Face-to-Face conversation with another person. It tells you their true feelings towards you and how well your words are being received. Between 50% of our message is communicated through our Body Language 40 % tone of our voices and 10% only are our words. Your ability to read and understand another person's Body Language can mean the difference between making a great impression or a very bad one! Reading someone body language can help you in a job interview, that meeting, or special date! Every one of us has experienced the feeling of like this person and not dislike that person but without necessarily knowing why. There was something about them. We often refer to this as a hunch or gut feeling, two descriptions directly relating to our own body's physiological reaction. Everyone has experienced the feeling that they have just been lied to, haven't they? We all here during a conversation have experienced the feeling that someone is lying to us. The words of the conversation probably weren't what we noticed as a direct lie. It was more likely to be the body movements that showed he is lying to us. Darting eyes, palms not visible, shifting from one foot to another, hand covering mouth or fingers tugging at the ear are clues. All the clues are there. Our subconscious picks them up, and if we're lucky enough to be perceptive, decodes them and tells us that the words and gestures don't match! Whenever there is a conflict between the words that someone says and their body signals and movem... ... non-verbal indication that you are both thinking along the same lines. It's not always this obvious...Body positioning The easy way to tell whether the person you're talking to is enjoying the conversation: The person is standing facing you with their body and feet pointing towards you and mirroring your positions. The tell-tale signs that someone's feeling uncomfortable or not enjoying the conversation: The person's head is turned towards you and appears engaged in the conversation - smiling, nodding etc, but their body and feet are pointing away from you. If someone's body is turned away from you it will be facing the place where they'd rather be. If they're pointed towards another person or the exit then it's time to terminate the conversation or do something to attract their full attention.

Code Switching Essay

Abstract: Though codeswitching research may vary from context to context and situation to situation, the common factors for code switching will be threefold. That is, code switching deals with languages in contact. In interactive social situations code switching will be the use of more than one language For example the interaction during various social events involving interlocutors who know more than one language. With these common factors of code switching this paper looks into the Malaysian context with special thrust to the various reasons involved for code switching during the social interactions. Data for the present paper were collected from the Tamil speaking undergraduate students of the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Their interaction in different identified domains involving three languages viz. Tamil, Malay and English were looked into. Gumperz (1982) while discussing the communicative function of code switching, claims that the speaker plays upon the connection of the we-code to create conversational effect. Thus code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential functions of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Apart from this function of code switching ,this paper could identifies several other reasons for code switching in the situations under study. Communicative functions and Reasons for Codeswitching : Malaysian Perspective . Code switching is an everyday reality in every place where more than one language is spoken in everyday communications. Many scholars have studied  extensively about the patterns of code switching and the reasons for code switching. The present paper discusses the communicative functions of code switching and also the sociolinguistic, cultural and pedagogic reasons for code switching in the Malaysian context. Data for the present study were collected from Tamil speaking University students who have enrolled as undergraduate students in the University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. The data were collected from these students while they were interacting in different domains viz. classroom, university campus, family, market, neighborhood etc. In all these domains they have to interact with Malay and Chinese speakers apart from as well as with other Tamil speakers. It is observed that all the students from whom the data were collected are competent to a certain extent in Tamil, Malay and English. Communicative Functions of Codeswitching Gumperz (1982) when discussing communicative functions, mentions the discourse function of codeswitching, also called the personalization function of language. A speaker plays upon the connotation of the we-code to create a conversational effect. Thus, code switching is seen as fulfilling the relational and referential function of language that amounts to effective communication and interlingual unity. Halliday (1975) on the other hand, views code switching as fulfilling the interpersonal function of communication. Here the mixed language spoken plays the role of a mediator. In other words, it is the use of language to act as a mediator between self and participants in the communicative event. In fulfilling the relational and referential functions, code switching is seen as the medium to convey both social and linguistic meanings. Gumperz (pg. 144, 1982) lists examples of situations created to convey meaning as given below: to appeal to the literate to appeal to the illiterate to convey precise meaning to ease communication, i.e., utilizing the shortest and the easiest route to negotiate with greater authority to capture attention, i.e. stylistic, emphatic, emotional to emphasize a point to communicate more effectively to identify with a particular group to close the status gap to establish goodwill and support Karen Kow (2003) listed in her article a few possible conditions for code switching. Some of the conditions given are, lack of one word in either language Some activities have only been experienced in one of the languages Some concepts are easier to express in one of the languages A misunderstanding has to be clarified One wishes to create a certain communication effect One continues to speak the language latest used because of the trigger effect One wants to make a point One wishes to express group solidarity One wishes to exclude another person from the dialogue. Kow suggests that from the list above, it may be possible to predict which conditions act on a particular sociolinguistic context for codeswitching, for example, when a person who lacks a word in English due to limited vocabulary code switches by using the lexical component from his/her first language instead of English. Therefore, the function here is to overcome the language barrier to meaning-making. Another example is a condition where the speaker, intending to express group solidarity, employs code switching. The function for the switch in this case is to establish goodwill and rapport. Similarly series of conditions can be established for the phenomenon of code switching depending on the social context. Such communicative functions of codeswitching can also be listed according to the functions that they try to accomplish. Among these, the following ten functions have been described in the professional literature (Malik, 1994): Lack of Facility Lack of Register Mood of the Speaker To emphasize a point Habitual Experience Semantic significance To show identity with a group To address a different audience Pragmatic reasons To attract attention. 1. Lack of facility : According to Malik (1994), bilinguals or multilinguals often explain that they code switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly. He offers the example of â€Å"Charan Sparsh† (touching feet) that does not convey the same meaning in the speaker’s code as it does in Hindi. The reason for switching may however be culturally conditioned and David (2003) notes that an alien concept often has a speaker switch to the language from which the concept is borrowed. For example, like the lexical item social drinker in English that is unacceptable in a Malay situation because of the simple fact that drinking alcohol is prohibited in Islam and the Malay-Muslim world does not have a word for it that is equivalent to its meaning in English. Hence, the phrase social drinker is directly borrowed and used as an instance of phrase level mixing as in the following example: Saya difahamkan bahawa OKS jarang minum, hanya seorang social drinker [I understand that OKS seldom drinks, he is only a social drinker] 2. Lack of register: When speakers are not equally competent in two languages and when the speakers do not know the terms in two languages, then codeswitching occurs. For example, college students often code switch by moving from Hindi to English. In certain occupations code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, lawyers, engineers while they interact among  themselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Hindi or in any other language other than English may not be available to them. As a result, they utilize the English terminology that they are familiar with. Thus, one can identify a great deal of lexical code mixing. As David (2003) notes, it is vital for a courtroom setting in Malaysia that a specific terminology be used to refer correctly to an object or a character. The use of the exact terminology or vocabulary is important in this setting when the terminology plays an important role and has the potentiality to make a major impact on life and death, freedom or imprisonment. Therefore, whichever the code is that enables the speaker to get his/her exact meaning across will be the one that is acceptable to the interactants including one where language mixing occurs. The following example cited by David is to the point: Ujian alcohol telah dijalankan iaitu breath analyzer test. [The alcohol test was conducted, i.e., a breath analyzer test] The term breath analyzer is in English rather than in the matrix language, Bahasa Malaysia, simply because of its context-bound significance. 3. Mood of the speaker: Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the right state of mind, he/she can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. Very often he/she knows exactly the word in both the languages (X and Y) but the language Y may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he is not mentally agitated. 4. To emphasize a point: Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point.  She has taken an example from English/German code switching and stressed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more force to the statement. Meanwhile, David (2003) uses the courtroom environment to show how a defending lawyer uses dominant Bahasa Malaysia to start with and shifts to English to emphasize an important point to the judge that the accused had not committed any crime for 10 years. Sebelum ini OKT pernah ditangkap pada tahun 1975 dan 1986. There has been a 10 years gap since the last offence Semenjak itu OKT telah berumahtangga, mempunyai kerja tetap dan insaf†. [Before this, OKT was caught in 1975 and 1986†¦..since then OKT has married and has held a steady job] 5. Habitual experience: Malik.(1994) stresses the fact that code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as Oyes (listen), you know or pero (but), whereas Hoffman (1971) reports that in Puerto Rican homes, the mother gives short commands to their children in English, such as Don’t do that†¦. and the rest of the mother’s warning will be in Spanish. David (2003), in turn, cites an example of habitual mixed discourse in a Malaysian courtroom where the dominant or matrix language is Bahasa Malaysia: Kes merupakan arrest case atau kes saman? [Is this an arrest case or a summons case?] 6. Semantic significance: Malik (1994), Gumperz (1970, 1976, 1982), and Gumperz and Hernandez (1972) all stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participant’s perception of two languages. Lexical choice conveys meaning during codeswitching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codeswitching as an indicator of the speaker’s attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a tool for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information. By the same token, David (2003) describes a range of speech acts like reprimands, directives, requests, and warnings that are conveyed by using different intricate strategies to show the semantic significance in certain specific situations. It is not only the lawyer who code switches, but also the judge. The example below shows how a judge shifts from Bahasa Malaysia, the national language and the official language at Malaysian courts, to English as a face saving gesture: Kenapa kamu tak setuju, panggilan pertama telah dijawab oleh BG Boy dan dah tentu Das mesti menanya di manakah BG Boy berada? Kamu tak faham soalan, saya maksudkan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [Why don’t you agree – Bg Boy responded to the first call and surely Dos asked where he was ? You do not understand the question, I mean†¦.] 7. To show identity with a group: Di Pietro (1977) reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences (cited in Malik, 1994). 8. To address a different audience: Malik (1994) states that code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various linguistic backgrounds. For example, in India the television announcer often uses Hindi as it is the national language but also switches to English. Also, he often repeats the same in English for South Indians or Indian people who do not know Hindi. Similar types of situations have also been reported in some other settings. Linguistic reinforcement often takes place even in courts, according to David (2003) where counsels tend to speak to a number of different interlocutors at the same time. During such occasions obviously they mix codes or switch codes accordint to the ethnicity of the addressee. One reason for such use of mixed languages is to address simultaneously persons from different linguistic backgrounds. Also, the speaker clearly distinguishes whom he/she addresses and what should be communicated. Hence,  the speaker uses part of the sentence in one language and the other part in another language. In the example below the lawyer used a mixed discourse of English/Malay, and the part of his utterance in English is directed to the judge and the other in Malay is meant for the witness. Objection, ada dua fakta di sini.The facts of the chart sheet are clear; it is a clear indication of misinformation. mana satu nak jawab? [Objection, there are two facts here. The facts of the chart sheet are clear; it’s a clear indication of misinformation. Which one do you want to answer?] The code switch is important as the judgment is dependent on the argument of the lawyer

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